I-Solar ichaze i-photovoltais kunye nombane

Iiseli ze-photovoltaic ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane

I-photovoltaic (PV) cell, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-solar cell, sisixhobo esingenamatshini esiguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Ezinye iiseli zePV zinokuguqula ukukhanya okwenziwayo kube ngumbane.

Iifoto zithwala amandla elanga

Ukukhanya kwelanga kubunjwe ziiphoton, okanye amasuntswana ombane welanga. Ezi photons ziqulathe izixa ezahluka-hlukeneyo zamandla ezihambelana nobude bamaza ohlukeneyo

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Ukuhamba kombane

Intshukumo yee-electron, nganye ithwele umrhumo ongalunganga, ukuya kumphezulu ongaphambili weseli idala ukungalingani kwentlawulo yombane phakathi kwendawo yangaphambili nangemuva yeeseli. Oku kungalingani, kwakhona, kudala amandla ombane afana neetheminali ezingalunganga kunye nezilungileyo zebhetri. Iiconductors zombane kwiseli zifunxa ii-electron. Xa ii-conductor zixhunywe kwisiphaluka sombane kumthwalo wangaphandle, njengebhetri, umbane uhamba kwisiphaluka.

Ukusebenza kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic zihluka ngohlobo lweteknoloji ye-photovoltaic

Ukusebenza kakuhle apho iiseli ze-PV ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kumbane zihluka ngohlobo lwezinto ze-semiconductor kunye ne-PV cell technology. Ukusebenza kweemodyuli ze-PV ezithengiswayo ezithengiswayo ziphantsi kwe-10% phakathi kwe-1980, yanda ukuya kwi-15% ngo-2015, kwaye ngoku isondela kwi-20% kwiimodyuli zaseburhulumenteni. Iiseli ze-PV zovavanyo kunye neeseli ze-PV kwiimarike ze-niche, ezifana neesathelayithi zendawo, zifumene phantse i-50% yokusebenza kakuhle.

Iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic zisebenza njani

Iseli yePV yibhloko esisiseko yokwakha yenkqubo yePV. Iiseli zomntu ngamnye zinokwahluka ngobukhulu ukusuka malunga ne-0.5 intshi ukuya malunga ne-intshi ezi-4 ububanzi. Nangona kunjalo, iseli enye ivelisa i-1 okanye iiWatts ezi-2 kuphela, nto leyo engumbane owaneleyo kuphela kusetyenziso oluncinci, njengokwenza izixhobo zokubala amandla okanye iiwotshi zesihlahla.

Iiseli ze-PV ziqhagamshelwe ngombane kwimodyuli yePV epakishweyo, imodyuli yePV okanye ipaneli. Iimodyuli ze-PV ziyahluka ngobukhulu kunye nobungakanani bombane abanokuvelisa. Imodyuli ye-PV yokuvelisa amandla ombane ayanda ngenani leeseli kwimodyuli okanye kwindawo engaphezulu yemodyuli. Iimodyuli zePV zinokudityaniswa ngokwamaqela ukwenza uluhlu lwePV. Uluhlu lwePV lunokuqulunqwa ezimbini okanye amakhulu eemodyuli zePV. Inani leemodyuli ze-PV ezixhunywe kwi-PV i-array inquma inani elipheleleyo lombane olunokuvelisa.

Iiseli zefotovoltaic zivelisa umbane othe ngqo wangoku (DC). Lo mbane we-DC ungasetyenziselwa ukutshaja iibhetri ezithi, nazo, izixhobo zombane ezisebenzisa umbane othe ngqo wangoku. Phantse wonke umbane unikezelwa njenge-alternating current (AC) kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa nokuhambisa umbane. Izixhobo ezibizwayo

Iiseli zePV kunye neemodyuli ziya kuvelisa inani elikhulu lombane xa zijongene ngqo nelanga. Iimodyuli ze-PV kunye ne-arrays zingasebenzisa iinkqubo zokulandelela ezihambisa iimodyuli ukuba zihlale zijongene nelanga, kodwa ezi nkqubo zibiza. Uninzi lweenkqubo ze-PV zineemodyuli kwindawo echanekileyo kunye neemodyuli ezijongene ngqo nezantsi (kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho-ngqo ngqo ngasentla kwi-hemisphere esezantsi) kunye ne-angle eyenza ukusebenza komzimba kunye noqoqosho lwenkqubo.

iiseli photovoltaic elanga ziqokelelwe iiphaneli (iimodyuli), kwaye iiphaneli zinokudityaniswa zibe uluhlu lweesayizi ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa izixa ezincinane ukuya ezinkulu zombane, ezifana nokunika amandla impompo zamanzi kumanzi emfuyo, ukubonelela ngombane kumakhaya, okanye usetyenziso- ukuvelisa umbane.

Umthombo: ILabhoratri yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo (inelungelo lokushicilela)

Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic

Iinkqubo ezincinci ze-photovoltaic zamandla zokubala kunye neewotshi zesandla. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zinokubonelela ngombane wokumpompa amanzi, kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano zombane, ukubonelela ngombane kwikhaya elinye okanye ishishini, okanye ukwenza uluhlu olukhulu oluhambisa umbane kumawakawaka abasebenzisi bombane.

Ezinye izibonelelo zePV iinkqubo

â¢Iinkqubo zePV zinokubonelela ngombane kwiindawo apho iinkqubo zokuhambisa umbane (iintambo zombane) zingekhoyo, kwaye zinokubonelela ngombane
â¢Izintlu zePV zingafakelwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokuba naziphi na isayizi.
â¢Iziphumo zokusingqongileyo zeenkqubo zePV ezibekwe kwizakhiwo zincinci.

Umthombo: ILabhoratri yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo (inelungelo lokushicilela)

Umthombo: ILabhoratri yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo (inelungelo lokushicilela)

Imbali yeefotovoltaics

Iseli yokuqala yePV esebenzayo yaphuhliswa ngo-1954 ngabaphandi beBell Telephone. Ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, iiseli zePV zazisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla iisathelayithi zaseU.S. Ngasekupheleni kwee-1970s, iiphaneli zePV zazibonelela ngombane kwindawo ekude, okanye

I U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) iqikelela ukuba umbane oveliswe kumandla ombane wePV unyuke ukusuka kwi 76 million kilowathhours (kWh) ngo 2008 ukuya kwi 69 billion (kWh) ngo 2019. Amandla ombane asetyenziswayo aneekilowathi eziyi 1,000 ubuncinane (okanye imegawathi enye) yomthamo wokuvelisa umbane. I-EIA iqikelela ukuba ii-kWh ezibhiliyoni ezingama-33 ziveliswe ziinkqubo ze-PV ezidityaniswe kuthungelwano lwegridi ngo-2019, ukusuka kwi-11 yeebhiliyoni ze-kWh ngowama-2014. Uninzi lubekwe kwizakhiwo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa